Episode 14

The Newburgh Conspiracy and The Peace of Paris


“A Historic Temple at New Windsor, 1783.” The Magazine of American History XXIV, no. 4 (October 1890). Accessed at:  https://democraticthinker.wordpress.com/2010/01/03/temple-of-virtue/.

Adams, John. “1780 Aug. 28th. Monday.” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/01-02-02-0010-0006-0003. [Original source: The Adams Papers, Diary and Autobiography of John Adams, vol. 2, 1771–1781, ed. L. H. Butterfield. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1961, pp. 445–447.]

Adams, John. “From John Adams to Edmund Jenings, 20 July 1782,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-13-02-0117. [Original source: The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, vol. 13, May–October 1782, ed. Gregg L. Lint, C. James Taylor, Margaret A. Hogan, Jessie May Rodrique, Mary T. Claffey, and Hobson Woodward. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006, pp. 188–190.]

Adams, John. “From John Adams to Robert R. Livingston, 10 July 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Adams/06-15-02-0049. [Original source: The Adams Papers, Papers of John Adams, vol. 15, June 1783–January 1784, ed. Gregg L. Lint, C. James Taylor, Robert F. Karachuk, Hobson Woodward, Margaret A. Hogan, Sara B. Sikes, Mary T. Claffey, and Karen N. Barzilay. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010, pp. 95–97.] 

Adams, John. Revolutionary Writings, 1775-1783, Gordon S. Wood, editor. New York: Library of America, 2011. 

Bernstein, R. B. The Education of John Adams. New York: Oxford University Press, 2020. 

“Biography: Benjamin Franklin.” American Experience. PBS. Accessed at: https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/biography-benjamin-franklin/.

Bobrick, Benson. Angel in the Whirlwind: The Triumph of the American Revolution. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

Brands, H.W. The First American: The Life and Times of Benjamin Franklin. New York: Anchor Books, 2000. 

Brecher, Frank W. Securing American Independence: John Jay and the French Alliance. Westport: Praeger, 2003. 

Browne, Stephen Howard. The Ides of War: George Washington and the Newburgh Crisis. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 2016. Accessed at: http://ebookcentral.proquest.com/lib/byu/detail.action?docID=4411319.

Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin Books, 2004.

Chernow, Ron. Washington: A Life. New York: Penguin Books, 2010.

Chorlton, Thomas Patrick. The First American Republic 1774-1789. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2012.

Cobbett, William. The Parliamentary History of England, from the Earliest Period to the Year 1803. London: T.C. Hansard, 1814.

Commager, Henry Steele and Richard B. Morris, editors. The Spirit of ’Seventy-Six: The Story of the American Revolution as Told by Participants. Edison, NJ: Castle Books, 2002.

Currey, Cecil B. Code Number 72 Ben Franklin: Patriot or Spy? Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1972.

Custis, George Washington Parke. Recollections and Private Memoirs of Washington. New York: Derby & Jackson, 1860.

“Definitive Treaty of Peace between the United States and Great Britain, 3 September 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-40-02-0356. [Original source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 40, May 16 through September 15, 1783, ed. Ellen R. Cohn. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2011, pp. 566–575.] 

Dull, Jonathan R. A Diplomatic History of the American Revolution. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985. 

Fleming, Thomas. The Perils of Peace: America’s Struggle for Survival After Yorktown. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007.

Flexner, James Thomas. Washington: The Indispensable Man. New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1974.

Franklin, Benjamin. “From Benjamin Franklin to Robert R. Livingston, 29 June 1782,” Founder Online, https://founders.archives.gov/?q=%20Author%3A%22Franklin%2C%20Benjamin%22%20Recipient%3A%22Livingston%2C%20Robert%20R.%22%20%22the%20King%20hates%20us%20most%20cordially%22&s=1111311111&r=1.

Franklin, Benjamin. “Franklin: Journal of the Peace Negotiations, 9 May[–1 July 1782],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-37-02-0201. [Original source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 37, March 16 through August 15, 1782, ed. Ellen R. Cohn. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003, pp. 291–346.]

Franklin, Benjamin. “Franklin: Notes for a Conversation with Oswald, [on or before 19 April 1782],” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-37-02-0121. [Original source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 37, March 16 through August 15, 1782, ed. Ellen R. Cohn. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003, pp. 169–172.]

Franklin, Benjamin. The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1916. Accessed at: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/20203/20203-h/20203-h.htm#III.

Franklin, Benjamin and Jared Sparks. The Works of Benjamin Franklin: Containing Several Political and Historical Tracts Not Included in Any Former Edition, and Many Letters, Official and Private, Not Hitherto Published, Volume 9. London: Benjamin Franklin Stevens, 1882.

Fowler Jr., William M. American Crisis: George Washington and the Dangerous Two Years After Yorktown, 1781-1783. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011.

Hamilton, Alexander. “To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 13 February 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-10638.

Hattem, Michael. “The Newburgh Conspiracy.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Accessed March 7, 2018 at: http://www.mountvernon.org/digital-encyclopedia/article/newburgh-conspiracy/.

“Henry Laurens.” Charles Pinckney National Historic Site. National Park Service. Last Updated August 19, 2022. Accessed at: https://www.nps.gov/chpi/learn/historyculture/henry-laurens.htm

Herring, George C. From Colony to Superpower: US Foreign Relations Since 1776. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

Hiltner, Judith. "The Example of Our Heroine: Deborah Sampson and the Legacy of Herman Mann's The Female Review." American Studies 41, no. 1 (2000): 93-113. Accessed at: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40643118.

Hunt, Galliard. Journals of the Continental Congress: 1774-1789, Volume XXIV, 1783 January 1-August 29. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1904. Accessed at: https://archive.org/details/journalsofcontin24unit.

Hutson, James H. “The American Negotiators: The Diplomacy of Jealousy.” in Peace and the Peacemakers: The Treaty of 1783, Ronald Hoffman and Peter J. Albert, editors. 52. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1986.

Jay, William. The Life of John Jay: With Selections From His Correspondence and Miscellaneous Papers. New York: J. & J. Harper, 1833.

Jones, Joseph. “To George Washington from Joseph Jones, 22 January 1778.” Founders Online. National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018, http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/03-13-02-0271. [Original source: The Papers of George Washington, Revolutionary War Series, vol. 13, 26 December 1777 – 28 February 1778, ed. Edward G. Lengel. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2003, pp. 310–313.]

Jones, Joseph. “To George Washington from Joseph Jones, 27 February 1783.” Founders Online. National Archives, last modified June 13, 2018. http://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-10732.

Kohn, Richard H. “American Generals of the Revolution: Subordination and Restraint.” in Reconsiderations on the Revolutionary War, Selected Essays, Don Higginbotham, ed. 104– 23. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1978.

McCullough, David. John Adams. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2001.

Middlekauff, Robert. The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763 - 1789. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005.

Michals, Debra, editor. “Deborah Sampson.” National Women’s History Museum. 2015. Last Updated January 2023. Accessed at: https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/deborah-sampson

Moten, Matthew. Presidents and Their Generals: An American History of Command in War. Boston: Harvard University Press, 2014. 

Nagy, John A. Rebellion in the Ranks: Mutinies of the American Revolution. Yardley: Westholme Publishing, 2008. 

“Newburgh Address: George Washington to Officers of the Army, March 15, 1783.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Accessed March 7, 2018 at: https://www.mountvernon.org/education/primary-source-collections/primary-source-collections/article/newburgh-address-george-washington-to-officers-of-the-army-march-15-1783

Patrick, Leonard J. “Deborah Samson: Official Heroine of the State of Massachusetts.” Canton Massachusetts Historical Society. Last updated October 16, 2006. Accessed at: http://www.canton.org/samson/index.html.

Pencak, William A. Contested Commonwealths: Essays in American History.  Bethlehem: Lehigh University Press, 2011.

Oswald, Richard. “Richard Oswald Collection, (1779 - 1783).” Clements Library. Accessed at: https://quod.lib.umich.edu/c/clementsmss/umich-wcl-M-26osw?view=text.

Oswald, Richard. “To Benjamin Franklin from Richard Oswald, 16 April 1782,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Franklin/01-37-02-0116. [Original source: The Papers of Benjamin Franklin, vol. 37, March 16 through August 15, 1782, ed. Ellen R. Cohn. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2003, p. 163.]

Richards, Leonard L. Shays’s Rebellion: The American Revolution’s Final Battle. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2002. 

Robinson, W. Scott. “Richard Oswarld the Peacemaker.” Accessed at: https://aanhs.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/richard-oswald-the-peacemaker.pdf.

Scythes, James. “Horatio Gates.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. Accessed at: https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/horatio-gates.  

“STRACHEY, Henry (1737-1810), of Sutton Court, Som.” The History of Parliament. Accessed at: https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/strachey-henry-1737-1810.

Stockwell, Mary. “Newburgh Address.” George Washington’s Mount Vernon. March 26, 2025. Accessed at: https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/newburgh-address

“The Birth of Silence Dogood.” Silence Dogood: Benjamin Franklin in the New-England Courant. Accessed at: https://www.masshist.org/online/silence_dogood/essay.php?entry_id=203.  

“The Newburgh Conspiracy.” American Battlefield Trust. Accessed at: https://www.battlefields.org/learn/articles/newburgh-conspiracy.

Washington, George. “From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 4 March 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-10767.

Washington, George. “From George Washington to Officers of the Army, 15 March 1783,” Founders Online, National Archives, https://founders.archives.gov/documents/Washington/99-01-02-10840.

Wood, Gordon S. The Americanization of Benjamin Franklin. New York: Penguin Press, 2004.

Ver Steeg, Clarence. Robert Morris: Revolutionary Financier with an Analysis of his Earlier Career. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1954.

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